miércoles, 4 de enero de 2017

Solve launches new challenges on climate, education, and health care

Reducing carbon emissions. Preventing chronic diseases. Educating 50 million young refugees.

Ambitious thinkers and doers take note: Anyone with a bold idea for making progress on one of these daunting global problems has until Jan. 20, 2017 to submit their solution to Solve.

Solve, an initiative launched by the Office of the President, is actively soliciting applications from anyone with an innovative solution to these three challenges, with the potential to have a wide impact.

Solve is actively convening a community to support creative problem-solvers in their efforts to test, pilot, and implement their ideas in the realms of health care, education, climate and energy, and expanding economic opportunity.

But the first step is identifying brilliant new approaches to tackling thorny problems. Using its open innovation platform, Solve aims to crowdsource solutions from around the world, and from its own backyard in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Those who submit applications to the refugee education, carbon contribution, and chronic disease challenges will have their solutions reviewed by panels composed of expert judges from MIT and beyond. Ian Waitz, dean of the School of Engineering, serves as one of the judges in the carbon challenge.

“A student or anyone who has a pretty well-developed idea for a social venture or a technology, where the missing element is connecting up with a community of people deeply engaged with addressing that challenge, should consider applying to Solve,” he says.

Waitz says he and his fellow judges will be weighing proposals on a range of criteria, but especially feasibility. “We’ll be looking to see if the applicants are at a stage where bringing their idea to this community could be catalytic. We’d also like to see articulated the potential for some very well-defined forward steps on a specific problem, that would come out of this process of bringing all these committed people together.”

The finalists who advance will present their ideas at a pitch event, Solve at UN, hosted by the United Nations on March 7, 2017 in New York City. The winners in each category will then become “Solvers,” connected to a community of advisors and potential partners from across academia, industry, and the nonprofit sector convened by Solve around each challenge. These Solvers will be announced at the Solve at MIT flagship event to be held on the MIT campus from May 8 to 10, 2017.

“The real goal here is to create a marketplace bringing together people with the best solutions and cross-sector leaders with the resources to fund, pilot, and implement those solutions,” says Alex Amouyel, executive director of Solve.

Between the March and May events, the Solve team will work closely with the challenge winners to broker partnerships to turn their ideas into reality.

“Solve at MIT in May will be a chance for Solvers and Solve members to workshop and potentially announce their partnerships, which would allow Solvers’ ideas to be piloted and implemented,” Amouyel says.

These upcoming events follow a well-attended first-round pitch showcase in September, Solve at HUBweek. Kathryn Zaniboni, a full-time volunteer in a refugee camp in Bulgaria, was selected during the event as a finalist in the first phase of the refugee education challenge.

Her project “Team Up to Teach” aims to build an online platform that connects teachers with volunteers in refugee camps, to share best practices and provide learning opportunities for youth who lack access to conventional schools.

“It’s been an exciting experience for me,” Zaniboni says. “I’ve been given a wonderful opportunity to play this out and see where it goes. Beyond my day-to-day work in the refugee camps, I have a broader purpose on how to solve this problem of children being out of school. Solve has given me this validation that what I proposed is touching on something important.”

If she advances, Zaniboni says she looks forward to being introduced to mentors in the field of platform design, for example. But just participating in the process thus far has generated useful connections and productive conversations with other educators and organizations working with refugee communities.

“After the event in September, I walked away with a lot of enthusiasm, energy, and a big stack of business cards,” she says. “You’ve got to put your nose to the grindstone and ask a lot of different questions and talk to as many different people as you can.”

Kevin Kung was selected as a Solver in September in one of the carbon challenges. Kung, a PhD candidate in biological engineering at MIT, researches the thermochemical conversion of biomass. His project, Safi Sarvi, produces carbon-sequestering fertilizer made from organic waste, helping small farmers improve their crop yields while fighting climate change.

Kung says that participating in Solve came at the right time for his venture. He and his colleagues already had a proven technical solution that they were piloting in a community in Kenya, but they were thinking about how to move forward.

“We were in the stage where we were thinking of how to connect with some larger organizations,” he says. “How do we scale to help others, to become a sustainable business and have more impact?”

Kung says participating in September’s pitch event led to several conversations with audience members about possible partnerships, yielding prospects for grant funding and industry-specific collaborations on soil agronomy. “So far, the concrete benefits have mostly been in terms of the people we’ve met who are interested in working with us, to potentially replicate what we’ve done in other places.”

“Solve provided the ideal venue for us to communicate our vision and get feedback,” he says. “The judges were very well-informed and asked insightful questions that also helped us focus our technical solutions, and helped us verbalize our product’s benefits more effectively.”

Amouyel says the next round of Solve will provide Solvers with similar opportunities, plus an even wider range of connections. “By May we plan to have a full portfolio of Solve community members — leaders in their fields who will advise and support Solvers to implement their solutions in a variety of ways beyond just providing funding. That could be technical support, providing office space, or partnering on a long-term implementation strategy.”

Those interested in submitting solutions to Solve's refugee education, carbon contributions, and chronic diseases challenges can apply on its open innovation platform by Jan. 20, 2017 at solvecolab.mit.edu, for a chance to be selected and pitch at the United Nations on March 7, 2017.



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martes, 3 de enero de 2017

Exploring the tug-of-war over metals during infection

During bacterial infections, microbes and their hosts engage in a tug-of-war over essential metals. Microbes, which need metals such as iron to survive, try to scavenge them from the host, while the host tries to lock them up so microbes can’t get them.

Both sides deploy many proteins and other molecules in this struggle, and by studying these complex interactions, MIT associate professor of chemistry Elizabeth Nolan hopes to glean information that could be useful in helping scientists design new drugs to fight bacterial infections.

“Understanding how our innate immune system works is important for thinking about the development of new ways to treat infectious disease,” says Nolan, who recently earned tenure in MIT’s Department of Chemistry.

Metals including iron, zinc, magnesium, and calcium help cells with a wide range of functions, including cell respiration, catalyzing chemical reactions, signal transduction, and maintaining structural integrity of proteins and nucleic acids. About 30 percent of cellular proteins require help from metal ions.

Nolan first got interested in the study of metals in biological systems, known as bioinorganic chemistry, when she took an advanced inorganic chemistry course during her junior year at Smith College. She applied to graduate school at MIT and ended up working in the lab of Stephen Lippard, the Arthur Amos Noyes Professor of Chemistry at MIT, who studies the roles of metals in cancer treatment and synaptic transmission.

At that time, Lippard’s lab was beginning to work on designing molecules that could be used as sensors for zinc. These sensors can be used in living cells, and when they encounter their target metal, they light up, allowing the metal’s location to be visualized. Nolan worked on the zinc sensors and later, sensors for mercury.

After doing a postdoctoral fellowship in protein biochemistry and antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis at Harvard Medical School with Professor Christopher T. Walsh, Nolan returned to MIT to start her own lab, where she began a research program focusing on the battle for metals between hosts and microbes.

“We’re interested in mammalian proteins that modulate metal ion availability and also the machinery that microbes use to acquire metals that they need from the host,” she says.

Fighting for iron

Many bacteria produce molecules called siderophores to help them obtain metals such as iron from their hosts. Once secreted into their environment, siderophores grab onto the metal and then re-enter bacterial cells along with their iron haul.

One area of Nolan’s research focuses on not only unraveling this process, but also exploiting it for possible therapeutic benefit. In one project, researchers in her lab are working on using siderophores to deliver antibiotics. Most antibiotics in clinical use are very broad-spectrum, killing not only harmful microbes but also beneficial species. However, Nolan has shown that when antibiotics are attached to siderophores specific to certain strains of bacteria, they only kill those microbes.

In another recent study, Nolan’s lab and researchers at the University of California at Irvine used modified siderophores from Salmonella to immunize mice against infection with that pathogen, and they are now working on expanding that approach to other microbes.

Nolan also studies proteins that mammals, including humans, use to defend themselves from bacterial infection. One such protein is calprotectin, which scavenges metals so that bacteria can’t grab them, effectively starving the microbes. In 2015, Nolan and her colleagues discovered that calprotectin can sequester iron, depriving microbes of the critical nutrient and strongly inhibiting their growth.

Exciting science

Nolan, who was awarded the 2016 MIT School of Science Teaching Prize for Graduate Education, says some of her favorite things about teaching are sharing her excitement about science and helping her students learn to think critically.

“In my advanced classes something I enjoy doing is drawing examples from the literature — thinking about how we test a hypothesis and asking, what are some of the experiments and data that led to the model we currently have for some complex biochemical system?” she says.

She also tries to stoke her students’ excitement about science, which she says is one of the things she likes best about being at MIT.

“I like the willingness of people to collaborate and be excited about new ideas,” she says. “There’s an open-mindedness in terms of trying something new and high-risk. I enjoy being surrounded by really smart, talented, and creative students and colleagues, and I think that just makes everyone better.”



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3-D antibody arrays offer better sensing

Exploiting a process known as molecular self-assembly, MIT chemical engineers have built three-dimensional arrays of antibodies that could be used as sensors to diagnose diseases such as malaria or tuberculosis.

These sensors, which contain up to 100 stacked layers of antibodies, offer much more sensitivity than existing antibody-based sensors, which have only a single layer of antibodies.

“The more antibodies you put on a surface, the lower the concentration of molecules you can detect,” says Bradley Olsen, an associate professor of chemical engineering at MIT. “You can have a big impact on biosensors by potentially improving the sensitivity by several orders of magnitude.”

Olsen is the senior author of the study, which appears in the journal Angewandte Chemie. The paper’s lead author is MIT postdoc Xue-Hui Dong, and former postdoc Allie Obermeyer is also an author.

Layered assembly

The team’s new design approach relies on a phenomenon known as self-assembly, which occurs when thermodynamic interactions drive molecular building blocks to take on certain configurations.

In this case, the researchers discovered that they could force antibodies and other proteins to form layers by attaching each protein to a polymer tail. The proteins and polymers repel each other, so the molecules arrange themselves in a structure that minimizes the interactions between the protein and polymer segments.

“Because the protein and polymer are bonded together, they can’t separate like oil and water. They can only get apart from each other by a distance about the size of one molecule,” Olsen says. “If you do this in three dimensions, then you get things like cylinders of protein surrounded by polymer, or alternating layers of protein and polymer.”

Olsen and his colleagues attached each protein to a polymer chain known as a PNIPAM. When they coated a solution of these molecules onto a surface, the molecules formed a thin film containing between 10 and 100 layers of the protein-polymer structures.

Boosting sensitivity

A few years ago, Olsen and his colleagues showed that they could use this technique to create nanostructured arrays of simple proteins, including green fluorescent protein and a red fluorescent protein known as mCherry. That success led them to explore whether they could also create arrays of larger proteins, such as antibodies.

“[The antibody] IgG has a complex structure,” Olsen says, “with four different molecules that are folded together in a very exquisite way.”

The traditional method for creating large arrays of antibodies on a surface is to chemically or physically bond them to the surface. However, this technique only creates a single layer of antibodies. A thermodynamic principle holds that the more antibody molecules there are on a surface, the lower the concentration of molecules they can detect. Therefore, stacking layers of antibodies on top of each other offers a way to dramatically improve the sensors’ sensitivity.

Using their new self-assembly strategy, the researchers created three-dimensional arrays of IgG antibodies, the main type of antibodies found in human blood. These densely packed arrays, which have the potential to be 100 times more sensitive than existing antibody sensors, also featured nanoscale channels that allow the sample to flow easily through the entire sensor.

“By controlling the location and density of the antibodies, this method will open up routes to higher sensitivity diagnostics compared to current methods, which randomly place the antibodies,” says Matthew Gibson, a professor of chemistry at the University of Warwick, who was not involved in the research. “This publication represents proof of principle, but the methods used are versatile and can be applied to most antibodies, and I would expect this work to make a significant impact in the field.”

Olsen is now working with Hadley Sikes, an MIT assistant professor of chemical engineering, to create sensors with antibodies specialized to detect pathogens from blood or urine samples. These types of sensors may also be useful one day for monitoring the health of pilots based on biomarkers found in their sweat or saliva.

Another avenue the researchers are now exploring is making arrays using proteins that are smaller than antibodies, which is a challenge because the thermodynamic force that drives self-assembly gets smaller as the protein size decreases.

The research was funded by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation.



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Featured video: Touring MIT's nuclear facilities

MIT has converted a row of former warehouses and cracker-storage facilities into one of the densest concentrations of nuclear science instrumentation and brain power on the planet.

The future of safe, clean energy (among other things) is being discovered right now on the quarter mile of Albany Street between Massachusetts Avenue and Pacific.

Brandon Sorbom and Leigh Anne Kesler, both graduate students in the MIT Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering (also known as Course 22), give a rare tour of what it's like to work inside a network of facilities and labs that, all told, mimic the footprint of a national lab.

"Nuclear science and engineering is one of our longest bets, but its possible payoffs could save the planet," says Ian A. Waitz, dean of the School of Engineering.

"Today, students in Course 22 take design courses on nuclear power and radiation safety; researchers are advancing solutions for nuclear disarmament; an alumni startup is developing a reactor that will generate less waste than current reactors — and in October, the engineers and scientists running the Alcator C-Mod fusion reactor got the world’s attention by setting new record. After 50 years of effort, the prospect of sustainable fusion power looks like it could be achieved in our lifetimes."

Submitted by: School of Engineering  | Video by: School of Engineering  | 4 min 48 sec



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Competency exam certificate now available for MITx Introduction to Biology course

One of the most popular MITx on edX courses now challenges online learners to put their knowledge to the test. MITx 7.00x (Introduction to Biology – The Secret of Life), which has been an exciting educational option for learners to engage with biology since 2013, now offers a rigorous competency exam certificate. The next competency exam opens on Feb. 21 and is available to learners enrolled in the verified-certificate track.

The competency exam is designed to test a learner’s mastery of the course learning objectives, tying together techniques and materials from different topics to provide a more thorough and robust means of evaluating online learners — and a more meaningful certificate for those who excel.

What the new verified certificate means

Earlier versions of MITx 7.00x offered certificates to learners who scored past a minimum threshold on weekly problem sets and topical exams. Yet those in-course evaluations were developed as active learning modules — optimized to provide instant feedback and improve understanding as learners solve problems. The new competency exam is designed purely with assessment in mind. This important distinction benefits both learners and course instructors.

“The best methods to preserve the integrity of assessments by preventing cheating go against the best methods for designing an online course for learning — such as providing instant feedback and allowing learners to try again. Separating these, as we have done with the 7.00x competency exam, allows these two aims to coexist,” explains Mary Ellen Wiltrout, who spearheaded the new competency exam as an MIT instructor and digital learning lab scientist for biology. “Furthermore, if we want the verified-certificates to indicate that learners have mastered course content, we must ensure the principle and rigor of the assessments. By creating an overarching 7.00x competency exam, we can test the mastery of the course materials in an integrated manner — as they occur in real biology — rather than just one topic at a time as dictated by the course schedule.”

One thing that makes massive open online courses (MOOCs) like MITx 7.00x special is that online learners have such a wide range of experience — from high school to higher education to people who have been in the workforce for decades. Learners from all over the world bring different goals and aspirations to the course. Some simply enroll to better understand the building blocks of life, while others pursue a verified certificate to boost their resumes. Learners who pass the competency exam earn an instructor-signed certificate highlighting their mastery of Introduction to Biology, which can help with a job application or admission into a higher degree program.

With the launch of this more robust competency exam, previous course participants are encouraged to return to test their learning and potentially receive the new competency exam verified-certificate.

The secret of life, revealed

MITx 7.00x is not your typical biology educational experience. The course receives glowing feedback from learners who find themselves inspired by Eric Lander, MIT professor of biology, founding director of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and one of the leaders of the Human Genome Project. Lander is an engaging storyteller who teaches biology in a way that makes the details relevant to everyone, applying his knowledge and experience in scientific research to find new ways of understanding life.

The course explores the mysteries of biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology and genomics, and rational medicine, and content reflects the topics taught in MIT’s introductory biology courses. Learners first focus on the structure and function of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, then discover how structural changes can both alter molecular functions and affect human health. They then apply an understanding of heredity and genetic information flow within populations to human health and disease, and delve into molecular biology techniques and their potential impact on our changing world.

Scheduling a competency exam

The MITx 7.00x competency exam, available for completion only for learners enrolled in the verified track, will be offered several times a year. The next exam will be open Feb. 21-28, with a registration deadline of Feb. 6.

Learners interested in pursuing a verified certificate should prepare for the competency exam by reviewing the 7.00x course materials and free introductory biology resources available on MIT OpenCourseWare. The current 7.00x course — which is self-paced and can be started at any time via edX — features the same content as previous versions, while optimizing settings for learning, including instant feedback on problem sets and other digital tools. The course typically takes 12 weeks to complete, and it is recommended that new biology learners allow that much time to prepare for the competency exam.



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Top tweets of 2016

2016 was a remarkable year for MIT, which in the spring celebrated 100 years since its move from Boston to Cambridge, Massachusetts. The year was remarkable on Twitter as well, as MIT's followers more than doubled in number, with a current total of more than 611,000.

Followers were particularly moved by news of the first — and second — direct detection of gravitational waves with the LIGO experiment; an episode of "The Simpsons" predicting Professor Bengt Holmström's 2016 Nobel Prize in economics; tributes to Apollo pioneer and former MIT computer scientist Margaret Hamilton; and comments by actor Matt Damon, who gave the keynote at this year's Commencement ceremony. Tweets noting Square Root Day on April 4th, a supermoon setting over the MIT Dome, and the Institute's new accelerator, The Engine, also garnered high engagement.

Here are the top 16 @MIT tweets of 2016, measured in retweets and likes, in chronological order:

A monumental scientific feat

To Einstein, with love

Celebrating Square Root Day

Matt Damon's advice for the Class of 2016

Space pirate in the movies, honorary MIT pirate in real life

Twice as nice: Detecting a second black hold merger

Commemorating a return to Jupiter

Taking a stand against violence

Mini Margaret in celebration of her Apollo achievements

A discussion of "forbidden research" for social good

Lauding a pioneer of nanoscale engineering

Professor Holmström's Nobel Prize reaction

Milhouse gets one right

Announcing a new accelerator from MIT

Setting supermoon

President Obama honors an MIT legend



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lunes, 2 de enero de 2017

Study finds more extreme storms ahead for California

On Dec. 11, 2014, a freight train of a storm steamed through much of California, deluging the San Francisco Bay Area with three inches of rain in just one hour. The storm was fueled by what meteorologists refer to as the “Pineapple Express” — an atmospheric river of moisture that is whipped up over the Pacific’s tropical waters and swept north with the jet stream.

By evening, record rainfall had set off mudslides, floods, and power outages across the state. The storm, which has been called California’s “storm of the decade,” is among the state’s most extreme precipitation events in recent history.

Now MIT scientists have found that such extreme precipitation events in California should become more frequent as the Earth’s climate warms over this century. The researchers developed a new technique that predicts the frequency of local, extreme rainfall events by identifying telltale large-scale patterns in atmospheric data. For California, they calculated that, if the world’s average temperatures rise by 4 degrees Celsius by the year 2100, the state will experience three more extreme precipitation events than the current average, per year.

The researchers, who have published their results in the Journal of Climate, say their technique significantly reduces the uncertainty of extreme storm predictions made by standard climate models.

“One of the struggles is, coarse climate models produce a wide range of outcomes. [Rainfall] can increase or decrease,” says Adam Schlosser, senior research scientist in MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. “What our method tells you is, for California, we’re very confident that [heavy precipitation] will increase by the end of the century.”

The research was led by Xiang Gao, a research scientist in the Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. The paper’s co-authors include Paul O’Gorman, associate professor of earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences; Erwan Monier, principal research scientist in the Joint Program; and Dara Entekhabi, the Bacardi Stockholm Water Foundations Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

Large-scale connection

Currently, researchers estimate the frequency of local heavy precipitation events mainly by using precipitation information simulated from global climate models. But such models typically carry out complex computations to simulate climate processes across hundreds and even thousands of kilometers. At such coarse resolution, it’s extremely difficult for such models to adequately represent small-scale features such as moisture convection and topography, which are essential to making accurate predictions of precipitation.

To get a better picture of how future precipitation events might change region by region, Gao decided to focus on not simulated precipitation but large-scale atmospheric patterns, which climate models are able to simulate much more reliably.

“We’ve actually found there’s a connection between what climate models do really well, which is to simulate large-scale motions of the atmosphere, and local, heavy precipitation events,” Schlosser says. “We can use this association to tell how frequently these events are occurring now, and how they will change locally, like in New England, or the West Coast.”

Weather snapshots

While definitions vary for what is considered an extreme precipitation event, in this case the researchers defined such an event as being within the top 5 percent of a region’s precipitation amounts in a particular season, over periods of almost three decades. They focused their analysis on two areas: California and the Midwest, regions which generally experience relatively high amounts of precipitation in the winter and summer, respectively.

For both regions, the team analyzed large-scale atmospheric features such as wind currents and moisture content, from 1979 to 2005, and noted their patterns each day that extreme precipitation occurred. Using statistical analysis, the researchers identified telltale patterns in the atmospheric data that were associated with heavy storms.

“We essentially take snapshots of all the relevant weather information, and we find a common picture, which is used as our red flag,” Schlosser explains. “When we examine historical simulations from a suite of state-of-the-art climate models, we peg every time we see that pattern.”

Using the new scheme, the team was able to reproduce collectively the frequency of extreme events that were observed over the 27-year period. More importantly, the results are much more accurate than those based on simulated precipitation from the same climate models.

“None of the models are even close to the observations,” Gao says. “And regardless of the combination of atmospheric variables we used, the new schemes were much closer to observations.”

“Actionable information”

Bolstered by their results, the team applied their technique to large-scale atmospheric patterns from climate models to predict how the frequency of heavy storms may change in a warming climate in California and the Midwest over the next century. They analyzed each region under two climate scenarios: a “business as usual” case, in which the world is projected to warm by 4 degrees Celsius by 2100, and a policy-driven case, in which global environmental policies that regulate greenhouse gases should keep the temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius.

For each scenario, the team flagged those modeled large-scale atmospheric patterns that they had determined to be associated with heavy storms. In the Midwest, yearly instances of summer extreme precipitation decreased slightly under both warming scenarios, although the researchers say the results are not without uncertainty.

For California, the picture is much clearer: Under the more intense scenario of global warming, the state will experience three more extreme precipitation events per year, on the order of the December 2014 storm. Under the policy-driven scenario, Schlosser says “that trend is cut in half.”

The team is now applying its technique to predict changes in heat waves from a globally warming climate. The researchers are looking for patterns in atmospheric data that correlate with past heat waves. If they can more reliably predict the frequency of heat waves in the future, Schlosser says that can be extremely helpful for the long-term maintenance of power grids and transformers.

“That is actionable information,” Schlosser says.

This research was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation, NASA, and the Department of Energy.



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