Newest MindHandHeart Innovation Fund projects build community and resilience

Projects to increase students’ sense of academic belonging, create an Emergency Services Fair, and build terrariums are coming to the MIT campus, courtesy of the newest MindHandHeart Innovation Fund winners. Designed to support grassroots efforts powered by students, faculty, and staff, the Innovation Fund has awarded nearly $100,000 to make MIT a more welcoming, supportive, and better connected place.

The fund is one of the flagship programs of MindHandHeart, an initiative sponsored by Chancellor Cynthia Barnhart and MIT Medical to increase awareness about mental health, reduce stress, and promote life and wellness skills. Applications were reviewed by MindHandHeart’s working group co-chairs and members as well as a selection committee comprised of representatives from the Undergraduate Association and Graduate Student Council.

Past winners include: MIT Connect, a digital platform pairing like-minded members of the MIT community for platonic, one-on-one lunches; Random Acts of Kindness Week, an event series bringing people together through spontaneous acts of goodwill and zany antics; Removing SAD from Winter, the installation of light therapy lamps in accessible spaces on campus to combat seasonal affective disorder (SAD); and Puppy Lab, a student-led program offering friendly canine company to help students de-stress.

The seven Innovation Fund projects awarded this fall received a total of $21,450 and were drawn from 24 applications. “It was truly inspiring to read through the proposals and see the range of creative approaches to advancing wellness,” says Maryanne Kirkbride, clinical director of student life and executive administrator of MindHandHeart. “This is the fourth round of the Innovation Fund, and I continue to be moved by how our community is driven to help others and make a ‘better world’ right here at MIT.”

One of the new Innovation Fund winners is “YOU Belong @ MIT,” a three-part awareness and training program developed by the Teaching and Learning Lab to increase students’ sense of academic belonging. MindHandHeart is funding the first phase of the project, consisting of a seminar hosted by an expert in the field of academic belonging and a journal club where seminar participants can further explore the topic. Janet Rankin, interim director of the Teaching and Learning Lab, writes in her application, “At MIT, we want students to thrive in all aspects of their lives. Increasing a student’s sense of belonging may help to support their mental health and may also contribute to their overall academic success.”

Another upcoming project is the “Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Community Fair.” Championed by Shivangi Goel, an MIT senior and member of the MIT-EMS leadership team, the fair aims to foster dialogue and positive interactions between the MIT student body and the MIT Police Department, Emergency Medical Services, and other local response agencies. Goel writes, “The goal of the event is to have a fun day that results in people of our community feeling more comfortable and confident in requesting emergency help, making our community a happier and safer place.”

Another student-led project, “Campus Preview Weekend (CPW) Athletics Alternative Programming,” is designed to improve the CPW experience of prospective student athletes. Recruits will participate in a series of icebreaker activities and a scavenger hunt. The event will serve as a fun and active alternative to informal parties, while providing students with an opportunity to connect outside their varsity teams.

Other projects funded this cycle include: “Culinarily Cultivating Community,” a series of cooking lessons and community events based in Edgerton House; “Food, Film, and Friends,” a film series incorporating guided discussion on controversial topics explored in each movie; “Plants for the People,” an event series bringing together green-thumbed MIT students to make terrariums in a fun, communal setting; and “Portraits of Resilience,” a book capturing MIT community members’ personal stories of overcoming adversity, curated by Professor Daniel Jackson.

MindHandHeart is accepting applications for the next funding cycle from March 1-31, 2017. Prospective applicants are encouraged to attend an information session on either March 13 or March 23. To learn more about how MIT faculty, students, and staff members can apply for grants of up to $10,000, visit the MindHandHeart Innovation Fund page.

For information on upcoming events organized by MindHandHeart Innovation Fund winners, visit: the MindHandHeart events calendar. 

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Scientists detect a quantum crystal of electrons and “watch” it melt

For the first time, MIT physicists have observed a highly ordered crystal of electrons in a semiconducting material and documented its melting, much like ice thawing into water. The observations confirm a fundamental phase transition in quantum mechanics that was theoretically proposed more than 80 years ago but not experimentally documented until now.

The team, led by MIT professor of physics Raymond Ashoori and his postdoc Joonho Jang, used a spectroscopy technique developed in Ashoori’s group. The method relies on electron “tunneling,” a quantum mechanical process that allows researchers to inject electrons at precise energies into a system of interest — in this case, a system of electrons trapped in two dimensions. The method uses hundreds of thousands of short electrical pulses to probe a sheet of electrons in a semiconducting material cooled to extremely low temperatures, just above absolute zero.

With their tunneling technique, the researchers shot electrons into the supercooled material to measure the energy states of electrons within the semiconducting sheet. Against a background blur, they detected a sharp spike in the data. After much analysis, they determined that the spike was the precise signal that would be given off from a highly ordered crystal of electrons vibrating in unison.

As the group increased the density of electrons, essentially packing them into ever tighter quarters within the sheet, they found the data spike shot up to higher energies, then disappeared entirely, precisely at an electron density at which an electronic crystal has been predicted to melt.

The researchers believe they have finally captured the process of quantum melting — a phase transition in quantum mechanics, in which electrons that have formed a crystalline structure purely through their quantum interactions melt into a more disordered fluid, in response to quantum fluctuations to their density.

“We saw something radically new,” Ashoori says. “There have been a lot of people looking for a long time to demonstrate an electronic crystal melting, and I think we’ve done it.”

Ashoori and Jang published their results last week in the journal Nature Physics. Their co-authors are former MIT postdoc Benjamin Hunt, and Loren Pfeiffer and Kenneth West of Princeton University.

A crystallizing idea

The idea for a crystal of electrons was first proposed in 1934 by the Hungarian-American physicist Eugene Wigner. Normally, semiconducting metals such as silicon and aluminum are able to conduct electricity in the form of electrons that ping-pong around at lighning speeds, creating a current through the material.

However, at ultracold temperatures, electrons in these metals should grind almost to a halt, as there’s very little heat left to spur their motions. Any movements electrons do exhibit, then, should be due to quantum interactions — the invisible forces between individual electrons and other quantum, subatomic particles.

Electrons, being negatively charged, naturally repel each other. Wigner proposed that for supercooled electrons at low densities, their mutual repulsive forces should act as a sort of scaffold, holding the electrons together yet apart at equally spaced intervals, thus creating a crystal of electrons. Such a rigid arrangement, which has since been coined a Wigner crystal, should turn a metal into an insulator rather than an electrical conductor.

Through a quantum tunnel

Since Wigner’s proposal, others have tried to observe a Wigner crystal in the lab, with inconclusive results. For their part, Ashoori and Jang did not originally set out to find a Wigner crystal, but instead simply wanted to probe a two-dimensional sheet of electrons using their electron tunneling technique.

For the past decade, the group has developed and improved upon its technique, which involves shooting electrons through a barrier to probe the energy states of a material on the other side. Quantum mechanics dictates that there is a probability that any object in the universe could cross or “tunnel” through a seemingly impenetrable barrier and come out the other side unchanged.

This idea is key to the researchers’ tunneling technique, in which they shoot electrons through a semiconducting barrier, to an underlying two-dimensional sheet of electrons. There, the tunneling electrons can cause vibrations in the surrounding electrons, the energies of which researchers can measure, given the known energies of the tunneling electrons.

A “serendipitous discovery”

In their experiments, the team probed a semiconducting sheet of gallium arsenide beneath a barrier of aluminum gallium arsenide. The researchers cooled the entire sample down to just a fraction above absolute zero and applied pulses of electrons at varying energies, then analyzed the resulting data.

When Jang noticed the very sharp spike in the data, he looked through previous theoretical literature to explain the feature and eventually came to the conclusion that the spike, given the temperature and electron density at which it formed, could only be a signature for a crystal of electrons vibrating in unison.

“Many of the theoretical predictions matched our observations, so that, we thought, was a smoking gun,” Jang says. “We observed the ringing of an electron crystal.”

The researchers went a step further to see what would happen if they altered the density of electrons in the two-dimensional sheet. As the density increased, the electron crystal’s vibrational energies did as well, eventually peaking, then disappearing at the exact point at which theories have predicted a crystal should melt. The crystal of electrons, the researchers surmised, must have become so dense that the entire structure crumbled into a more disordered, fluid state.

“No one’s ever looked at this system with this kind of resolution,” Ashoori says. “It was totally a serendipitous discovery.”

The team is working to improve the resolution of its electron tunneling technique even further, in hopes of using it to discern the specific shapes of electron crystals.

“Different crystals have different modes of vibrations, and if we had better resolution, we could determine if there are certain peaks in the vibration curve that signify different modes, or shapes,” Ashoori says. “There’s reason to believe we can determine that with time.”

This research was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Basic Energy Sciences program of the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy.

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Growing a network of role models

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory loomed large for Marlyse Reeves from an early age. Growing up in Pasadena, California, in JPL’s backyard, Reeves developed a love of all things outer space, and the lab was a regular destination for school field trips.

Even as a child, Reeves, now an MIT senior, knew she wanted to work in the space industry: “I realized that the engineers at JPL really enable astrophysicists to make their discoveries, so that was what I wanted to be a part of, expanding that knowledge.”

Her love of space was nurtured at home, too. “My dad had a telescope when we were growing up. I loved science fiction books and movies. I was a big space nerd,” she says.  

At MIT, Reeves quickly found her niche in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, where a flexible track within the major allowed her to concentrate on studying autonomous systems. “I ended up choosing AeroAstro because the people in the major I find are very passionate about not only aerospace but space exploration, and I really liked that vibe,” she says.

For Reeves, the importance of role models — particularly for women in industry — has been long been clear. She says her first role model was her mom, who graduated from MIT with a master’s in urban planning and development and was the executive director of the Los Angeles International Airport while pregnant with her little brother. Since coming to MIT, Reeves has sought positive role models for herself, and as president of the student group MIT Women in Aerospace Engineering (WAE) she has organized panels of successful women in the aerospace industry and helped build a supportive community of women who recognize each other’s accomplishments.

Preparing for careers in industry

Reeves is using her capstone project to build a tool that will be directly useful to the aerospace industry. Working with fellow student Kelly Mathesius under the guidance of Warren Hoburg, the Boeing Career Development Professor in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reeves has been developing a system for automating inspection of composite layups.

Composites make up the structural parts of air- and spacecraft. During the manufacturing process, sheets of material such as carbon fiber are cut out and stacked together before being heated and cured together. For many of the smaller, more intricate parts, this layering is still done by hand and requires manual inspection. “This process gets kind of slow, and requires back and forth between a lot of people,” Reeves says.

Reeves and Mathesius are training a computer vision system to find the edges of each piece so that it can be perfectly guided into place. “That would make the process a lot quicker, more efficient, and [allow us to] keep track of a lot more data about the process,” Reeves says. The pair hopes to take the project to conferences and maybe one day see it implemented in industry. Reeves’ interest in autonomous systems and computer vision has led her to apply to graduate programs in computer science for next year.

As a junior, Reeves was selected to participate in the Gordon-MIT Engineering Leadership Program. The first year of the program is structured as a series of problem-solving labs that tackle abstract concepts such as ethics and use policies, important topics that are often not part of a technical curriculum. The program focuses on leadership for engineers — people who Reeves says may “have really high technical IQs but who may be speaking a different emotional language than you.”

“In industry you have to apply all these concepts, and it’s not just making a [computer-aided design] drawing. You have to communicate with other engineers, you have to communicate with management, you have to explain your ideas and fit into the organizational structure — not just fit within the structure, but thrive within the structure,” Reeves says.

In the second year of the program, students become coaches for the incoming students. “A team coach observes, and watches, and mentors [the younger group], and gives them feedback on how they did in the lab. So the program is really based off of peer feedback, and it’s really the second-year students who are guiding the first-year students into how they can improve as leaders,” says Reeves. She says she has already used concepts that she learned from the program in her internships and other leadership positions at MIT — from club soccer captain to president of WAE.

Women in aerospace

Reeves has been with WAE since its inception in her sophomore year, and in her junior year she served as the outreach chair. Through mentoring, career events, and internship panels, the group fosters a community for women in all aspects of aeronautics. It also includes women from computer science, physics, and mechanical engineering backgrounds. “We try to connect with women in industry and alumni. We host talks for women around the Boston area who are working in the aerospace industry, and they talk about their research, talk about their work, talk about what it is like working as a female in the aerospace industry. It is a good place to get exposed to that and to find role models,” Reeves says.

November is dedicated to outreach. Last month, Reeves helped organize the first WAE Day, an event for 18 high school girls in the Boston area to come to MIT to learn about aerospace engineering. Students toured labs, attended a lecture given by MIT students on basic rocketry principles, and went to a short talk by an MIT professor. “We have lunch with them, tell them about all of the different aspects of aerospace to get them interested, and help them learn more about it,” says Reeves. WAE is hosting a similar day for middle school girls in the spring.

Reeves says events like these are especially important for exposing young women to the possibilities of the field.

“Being a person who has gone into aerospace industry and has seen the lack of women — there are often times where I am the only female in the room at an internship — I think it’s important for young women and girls to get role models, and just see that there are women doing it. I have encountered a lot of strong female role models for myself in industry. [It was inspiring to see] that they weren’t really held back by any gender inequalities, that they kept pushing forward, and became technical experts in their fields, became excellent managers, and rightfully earned the respect of the people around them just being themselves and being passionate and dedicated,” Reeves says.

“A lot of our events are open to men as well. We want to build a community of people who support women in aerospace,” she adds.

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Chikang Li brings the Crab Nebula to the lab

Senior research scientist Chikang Li wants to experiment with the stars. Intrigued by a curious “kink” phenomenon observed in the Crab Nebula, an interstellar cloud of gas and dust that formed in the wake of a supernova explosion, he has been looking for answers. Images from the Chandra X-ray observatory show that a jet of plasma pouring straight out from the neutron star at the center of the nebula appears to change direction every few years, without changing its structure. Why? Scientists have hypothesized that magnetic fields with the right properties could explain this behavior, but Li wanted proof.

“How do you design an experiment on Earth to explain mysteries that are happening 6,500 light years away, and stretching over 13 light years of space?” he asks. “Traditional astrophysics is based on observation. Typically after you make an observation, you build a theoretical model, you do some numerical simulations. But that’s it. How can you go there and measure anything? How can you do an experiment to test this model?”

Li has been part of MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) since becoming a graduate student in 1987. As a co-founder and associate head of the PSFC’s High-Energy-Density Physics (HEDP) Division, Li has collaborated regularly with the National Ignition Facility and the University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics on inertial confinement fusion and laboratory-astrophysical experiments. He decided to see if he could also use the lab's OMEGA laser to mimic the conditions in the Crab Nebula, and prove the hypothesis that magnetic fields were responsible for the “kink in the crab”.

Instead of training OMEGA’s multiple laser beams on a single pellet of hydrogen fuel, as he would for a fusion experiment, Li bounced lasers off two 3 x 3 mm foils hinged together at a 60-degree angle. Using two laser beams to heat each side, he generated plasma bubbles, or plumes. Li knew that because they are very dense and hot, these plumes would immediately expand, colliding in the middle plane between the two foils to form a jet.

Li notes that even though laboratory-generated jets and astrophysical jets have very different size scales, the fundamental physics can be the same because critical dimensionless parameters are similar. As a result, they share enough physical properties to allow Li to scale his laboratory experiments, as one would do from a wind tunnel to an airplane, to conditions in the crab nebula.

While the kink in the nebula jet occurs over a period of a few years, the laboratory experiment creates a jet in one nanosecond (billionth of a second), which then propagates for five to six nanoseconds.  Li laughs as he considers the speed of the experiments: “You have to generate that, diagnose that, characterize that, quantify that in this period of time!”

To measure the magnetic fields generated by the experiment, Li used a monoenergetic proton radiography (MPR) diagnostic invented by his division in 2005, allowing him, through the deflection of the protons, to make a radiograph of the fields. With the quantitative measurements in hand, he has been able to prove that the nebula jet behavior is governed by weak magnetic fields along the jet, which keep its structure largely straight, and other magnetic fields circling around the jet, which create the instability responsible for the directional change. The results were recently published in Nature Communications.

HEDP division head Richard Petrasso noted the importance of Li’s work: “Through his understanding of instabilities and his development of the MPR diagnostic to map transient magnetic fields in the laboratory, Chikang has been able to explore and explicate, for the first time, such puzzling phenomena as the jetting in the Crab Nebula.” 

Li, and graduate students working under his supervision, are now in the process of extending this methodology to a range of other astrophysical phenomena, such as the turbulent generation and amplification of magnetic fields, and the observation of collisionless shocks and their associated magnetic fields.

With the ability to create measurable astrophysical conditions on earth using the National Ignition Facility and OMEGA lasers, the sky’s the limit.

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Green Labs contest: A certified success

Laboratories at MIT push boundaries beyond their primary research. Case in point: This year several labs signed on to reduce waste and hazardous materials and conserve energy and water.

It began on Earth Day, when MIT’s Environment, Health and Safety Office (EHS) awarded $5,000 in seed money to help labs create a culture of sustainability. Over the next several months, eight labs competed in the Green Labs contest.

Prizes included two $5000 awards, for the most resources saved and the most innovative solution. The winners — the Brushett Lab and the Wang Lab — were announced at a poster session in the Stata Center on Dec. 12. 

Eyes on the prize

The Brushett Lab in the Department of Chemical Engineering (ChemE) won the award for the most resources saved. Aiming to become a net-zero-waste lab, its members managed to recycle almost all of their consumables, including gloves. They also adjusted equipment pumping speeds and gas pressure set points and reduced their use of electrolytes.

The Wang Lab in the Department of Mechanical Engineering won the award for the most innovative solution. They set up a complete energy monitoring test lab with WeMo switches and used it to determine which changes would save the most energy. They also plan to establish a Lab Energy Assessment Center, where MIT students in the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program would be deployed to labs to monitor energy use and recommend changes.

The other labs that competed also did their part to make a difference:

• The Summons Lab in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences reduced solvent use through new cleaning and rinsing practices and switched to less hazardous chemicals. They’ve shared their plastics recycling practices with other labs in their department.
   
• The Hamel Teaching Lab in ChemE will continue to teach students about energy and resource conservation and has a student conducting plug load monitoring of bioprocessing equipment.
   
• The Imperiali Lab in the Department of Biology reduced consumables and installed a Styrofoam container inside its dry ice chest, significantly reducing carbon emissions. This simple but effective change is now being implemented in other labs on campus.
   
• The Langer Lab in the Koch Institute piloted a shared workstation — with equipment and common materials in one place — to streamline purchasing and inventory audits. New researchers now receive recycling and energy management training as part of their orientation.
   
• The Prather Lab in ChemE warmed up freezers, improved water usage, helped start the department’s glove recycling program, and changed processes after monitoring equipment plug load.
   
• The Schuh Lab in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering installed low-flow aerators and worked with MIT Facilities to fix heating and ventilation issues. They also introduced training on green procedures.

Behind the scenes, MIT and the environment both benefited from the contest:

• Over a six-month period, the labs saved 40,000 gallons of water, 10,500 kWh of electricity, and 9,000 pounds of carbon dioxide.
   
• All of the labs received certification through an intensive assessment tool from My Green Lab.
   
• Students who learned about greening labs can encourage these practices when they move to other labs.
   
• Labs can share their conservation strategies with each other and with labs at other universities.

Next up: North American Freezer Challenge

EHS wants MIT to win the North American Freezer Challenge. The award will be given out in Boston next October to labs with the best energy-saving practices for cold storage. To compete, labs need to sign up by Jan. 15. To find out more, attend one of the IAP kickoff sessions on Jan. 9 or 11.

The Green Labs contest was sponsored by EHS, with support from Campus Construction, The Office of Sustainability, MIT Recycling, the Department of Chemical Engineering, the Koch Institute, and MIT.nano.

For more information about conservation efforts in MIT labs, browse the "Resources" tab at greenlab.mit.edu. You can also contact Pam Greenley or Niamh Kelly in EHS.

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Edward Schiappa receives the Charles H. Woolbert Research Award

Edward Schiappa, the John E. Burchard Professor of Humanities and head of MIT Comparative Media Studies/Writing, has received one of his field's highest honors — the Charles H. Woolbert Research Award, given by the National Communication Association “to a journal article or book chapter that has stood the test of time and has become a stimulus for new conceptualizations of communication phenomena.”

Schiappa and his co-authors, Peter B. Gregg and Dean E. Hewes, won the award for their 2005 essay, “The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis,” which puts forth a hypothesis of media influence that has been used by scholars all over the world since its publication in 2005. The parasocial contact hypothesis proposes that the benefits of interpersonal contact for changing attitudes toward minority groups can happen through media, and not only face-to-face interaction.

Three experiments showed that media could decrease prejudice

In three experiments, Schiappa and his co-authors showed that prejudice against gay men declined as members of a majority group viewed television series that featured gay men — namely "Queer Eye for the Straight Guy" and "Six Feet Under" — or viewed a television special of stand-up comedian and transvestite Eddie Izzard.

In the first two experiments, subjects viewed episodes of "Queer Eye for the Straight Guy" and "Six Feet Under." They then took post-viewing questionnaires to measure any change in attitude over the course of viewing the series, and the researchers matched those answers against certain predictions, such as that viewing gay characters reduces antigay prejudice but that, among viewers with lower prior bias, the effect would be much smaller. In the third experiment, they tested whether the theory was generalizable: Could what worked to make people more accepting of gay men also work for other marginalized groups? The answer was yes.

The authors' conclusion proved to be far-reaching. Scholars had long accepted that media could persuade people to change their beliefs about the world and reinforce prejudices toward minority groups; this was the first time, however, that researchers shows that media also could educate people about minority groups and decrease prejudice toward minorities.
 
Impact on the social sciences

In their praise of the authors’ work, the Woolbert Award’s judges highlight the transformative effect the paper has had on the social sciences. For 40 years after the conception of the original contact hypothesis, researchers had assumed social attitude persuasion happened primarily at the personal level. “What in the late 1990s was a literature primarily concerned with face-to-face interaction,” write the judges, “has become significantly richer as a result of considering media, new media, ‘imagined’ contact, and other unconventional forms of contact.”

The paper has gone on to influence fields as varied as sociology, medicine, linguistics, and even tourism studies. Other scholars have noted the importance of Schiappa and his co-authors' integrative scholarship. Family communication scholar Alan Sillars notes that the authors necessarily had to bridge divides themselves, namely the disciplinary ones between rhetorical studies, media studies, and interpersonal communication: “The research transcends narrow subdisciplinary specializations and speaks to broad academic and public audiences. We need more of this type of creative cross-fertilization to show how different contexts and approaches to the study of communication relate.”

Another scholar wrote that the essay “deserves recognition for being one of the very few papers published in a communication journal that social psychologists can bring themselves to cite.”

The "Will and Grace" Effect

To Sillars’ point, the research has indeed reached public audiences. Newsweek discussed it in an article about “The ‘Will and Grace’ Effect,” another example of a television show that decreased prejudice through parasocial contact, and Schiappa was featured in pieces from The New York Times and National Public Radio on the lack of controversy when gay characters on “Modern Family” adopted a child, compared to the fiery reaction to a 1997 episode of “Ellen” in which the main character comes out as gay.

Yet the hypothesis has had it largest impact in more recent years, in keeping with the Woolbert Award’s emphasis, even finding a place in the lobbying efforts of the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation and the Center for Global Engagement’s Entertainment Initiative.

Schiappa is also the recipient of a number of other research awards, including NCA’s highest research award, the Distinguished Scholar Award.

 
Story prepared by MIT SHASS Communications and CMS/W Communications
Editorial and Design Director: Emily Hiestand
Writers: Andrew Whitacre, Emily Hiestand
Photograph: Jonathan Sachs, MIT SHASS Communications

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Not Connecting with Career Opportunities? Why Your “Why” Matters

Do you dream bigger dreams for your career than you’ve been able to realize so far? Do you want to move up to a higher level, gain the opportunity to solve new problems, or maybe build your own business? You may be finding that it’s difficult to gain the attention and support of the people who are able to help you access these opportunities. This could be the person you report to in your organization, or someone with venture capital to invest, or maybe someone who could mentor you...

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