School of Architecture and Planning creates climate action plan

The MIT School of Architecture and Planning (SA+P) has announced the adoption of a school-wide climate action plan designed to advance Institute efforts to address climate change and model local-level steps that could be taken throughout MIT.

The plan, endorsed at a Dec. 15, 2020 meeting of the SA+P School Council, presents detailed analysis of SA+P carbon emissions for a single calendar year (2019), and outlines steps to reduce these through changes in procurement, waste tracking, airline travel, and other areas of operation.

The SA+P Climate Action Plan (CAP) articulates the rationale for taking action, develops an analysis for each department, lab, and center within SA+P, and presents a menu of options for action. These actions include goals, commitments, and pilot projects that all aim to reduce the school’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and seed broader campus-wide strategies.

The CAP originated in research undertaken by graduate students in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP), with assistance from faculty and the MIT Office of Sustainability (MITOS). Former and current students Yael Nidam MCP '19, Mary Hannah Smith MCP '20, Julia Field MCP '20, and senior Amber Youngeun Kim formed the DUSP Climate group to begin a series of conversations and workshops with faculty, students, staff, alumni, and others to explore what DUSP could do as a department to address climate change.

David Hsu and associate department head Mariana Arcaya, both associate professors, and P. Christopher Zegras, professor and now department head, helped to direct and organize the development of the research. MITOS director and DUSP lecturer Julie Newman and MITOS staff members Jeremy Gregory, Steve Lanou, Stuart Iler, and Brian Goldberg all provided critical data and analysis help.

“Our marvelous students are the true leaders of this initiative,” says Caroline Jones, professor and SA+P associate dean, who guided the effort and helped to build support for the plan throughout SA+P. “As inhabitants of the future, they know how urgent it is to change our behaviors in the present. It was a joy to work with them, and an inspiration to collaborate on our hopes for change.”

SA+P graduate students Ruoming Fang, Kailin Jones, Mariana Medrano, and recent alumnus Diego Hernan Castillo Peredo MCP '20 were among those who contributed additional research and evocative graphics that help readers visualize what a ton of carbon looks like next to a standing human. 

Despite the other crises in the world — or perhaps because of them — momentum quickly built throughout the school over the past year. Architecture students formed their own climate group, ClimARCH. Staff at the MIT Media Lab contributed important insights based on their previous efforts on climate.

Jones says that the plan represents an important shift in tone from persuasion (“we should do this”) to conviction (“we now pledge to do this”) and a requirement to undertake cultural changes as well as structural innovation. “The great thing is that research on sustainability and improving our habitation is central to many faculty in the school,” says Jones. “They know how to craft these pilots, gather data, and adapt the goals going forward.”

The plan, as outlined in a report developed in close collaboration with MITOS, will be implemented beginning in fall 2021.

“I am grateful for the dedication of our students and faculty in crafting this plan and putting SA+P at the forefront of research and action on climate issues,” says Hashim Sarkis, dean of SA+P.

Like many universities, MIT centralizes the provision of utilities — electricity, steam, chilled water, and natural gas, as well as phone lines, high-speed internet, data storage, and other energy-intensive services. As a result, individual schools, departments, faculty, and students are often completely unaware of their energy use. Greenhouse gas emissions are highly variable, even within SA+P in the various departments, labs, and centers.

The report thus begins with an analysis of the nature and sources of greenhouse gas emissions from SA+P activities, with reference to the World Resources Institute/World Business Council for Sustainable Development GHG reduction taxonomy of Scopes 1, 2, and 3.

SA+P worked with MITOS to obtain Scope 1, 2, and 3 data, mapping by building, departmental square footage, and consumption activities for the fiscal year 2019, the last year before the coronavirus pandemic.

“The SA+P plan and process is demonstrative of a process that brought students, staff, and faculty together to study and solve for climate change at the school/departmental level. They are setting the stage for the next phase of climate action at MIT by recognizing and grappling with the role of individual and departmental choices that can reduce SA+P and therefore MIT’s greenhouse gas emissions,” says the Institute’s director of sustainability, Julie Newman, a lecturer in DUSP.    

The plan outlines opportunities for SA+P to reduce its direct and indirect carbon emissions. It lays out the process to both support and lead the Institute’s efforts toward carbon neutrality.

Implementation will be worked out by departments, labs, and centers and monitored by the school. The initial focus will be on Scope 3 areas, from procurement to waste tracking; a Scope 1 and 2 pilot monitoring energy consumption of the buildings occupied by the school; and the first trials of a Scope 3 carbon tax on travel.

In developing the plan, the students and faculty sought to extend the school’s ongoing research in many areas related to climate change, including resilient net-zero cities, carbon-sequestering building materials, sustainable architecture, transportation, renewable energy systems, sustainable space industries, water infrastructures, restorative landscapes, trash tagging, and tools for personal health or carbon impact tracking.

“Achievements in research inquiry, design, planning, communication, and organizing advance how we think about climate change,” say the plan’s authors. “But now is the time when our specific actions must advance, and not work at cross-purposes with, our scholarship and stated values.”

At the launch of the Plan for Action on Climate Change in 2015, MIT committed to a goal of a 32 percent reduction of Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions below 2014 levels by 2030. That plan is guided by five pillars to address the global challenge of climate change through research, technology, education, and outreach, as well as calling on MIT to use its campus operations and community as a test bed for change.

At SA+P, it was felt that Scope 3 was a special opportunity for the school to innovate, because MIT has not yet made any commitments in this area, and this category of consumption — waste-based emissions — is especially related to SA+P’s focus on cities and urbanism.

“We believe that SA+P adopting Scope 3 goals can set the standard for how cities should begin this level of action,” states the plan. “Dense cities often congratulate themselves for their relative sustainability based on their energy use on a per-capita or per-area basis, compared to areas that are less densely settled or with fewer industrial or manufacturing activities. However, dense urban areas directly cause GHG emissions by consumption and waste, and this category of GHG emissions is significantly larger for cities than their accounted direct and indirect emissions combined.”

“The most exciting thing about this whole process has been how it has gained momentum so quickly throughout the school and across MIT,” says Hsu. “Everybody wants to know what we should be doing to avoid changing the climate even more. MIT and SA+P are leaders in research and education, but also are our workplace and community. If we can demonstrate how to make changes here, then that’s how we’re going to lead the way, practice what we preach, and do what it takes.”

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Unravelling carbon uptake in concrete pavements

Just along concrete’s gray surface, a chemical reaction is occurring. Known as carbonation, this reaction forms calcium carbonate, a benign chalk-like material, but it can also affect climate change.

That’s because calcium carbonate forms when CO₂ from the air reacts with water in concrete pores, and then with calcium compounds in concrete — meaning that concrete is a potential carbon sink. Estimating the extent of its carbon uptake at scale, however, has proven difficult.

In a new paper, MIT researchers investigate the carbon uptake of all pavements in the United States. The study finds that the carbonation process could offset 5 percent of the CO₂ emissions generated from cement used in U.S. pavements. Much of those offsets, the researchers find, could occur years after pavements have been demolished, especially in states that use composite pavement designs.

Postdoc Hessam AzariJafari, working within the MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub (CSHub), is first author of the new paper, which was published online in Resources, Conservation and Recycling on Jan. 11. Co-authors on the work include civil and environmental engineering graduate student Fengdi Guo and CSHub Director Jeremy Gregory as well as Randolph Kirchain of the MIT Materials Research Laboratory.

Weighing uptake

Though all concrete experiences carbonation to some degree, the magnitude depends on how large the concrete surface is that's exposed to air. That can make estimating carbon uptake challenging. While many buildings use concrete, the exposure of that concrete varies widely by design. In pavements, it’s a different story.

“There's a big opportunity for [carbon uptake] in concrete pavements,” says AzariJafari, “because usually the surface-to-volume ratio of concrete pavements is 10 times bigger than the surface-to-volume ratio of concrete elements in a building.”

But just because it’s easier for that uptake to occur doesn't mean it’s easy to estimate. Numerous factors like pavement geometry and maintenance, climate, and ingredients all determine a pavement’s carbon uptake. What’s more, carbon uptake will continue even after that pavement’s demolition, depending on how its concrete waste is stored.

Past research on carbonation has struggled to manage these uncertain variables. To simplify calculations, most approaches tend to infer pavement properties and not incorporate challenging but important parameters, such as maintenance actions, which can “reset” the carbonation process.

In his work, AzariJafari and colleagues expand the scope of pavement carbonation research by developing an extensive pavement management model that can estimate carbon uptake in high resolution.

“Pavement management models are a type of tool that transportation agencies can use to predict and decide where and when to implement certain treatment actions based on an available budget,” explains AzariJafari. “We developed this kind of pavement management system model for the whole U.S. network.”

Before he could run the model, he quantified several uncertainties that could lead to variations in carbon uptake.

The greatest uncertainty in his model was climate. A number of differing climate zones exist across the United States, and each zone will affect carbonation differently. In areas with more precipitation, carbonation can occur at a greater depth in the concrete, but will also occur at a lesser magnitude than in drier areas. 

Material variation also introduces uncertainty. Certain binders in concrete may possess different concentrations of calcium oxide, the ingredient that reacts with CO₂, and the availability and use of those binders varies widely across the United States. Additionally, each time a pavement receives a treatment the new concrete surface will undergo more intense carbonation, further complicating uptake estimations.

Perhaps the most uncertain factor is concrete rubble sizes after demolition. Once a pavement has received a maintenance action, the concrete waste from those actions will sit in landfills, where the carbonation process continues. Depending on how that waste is arranged — the more spread out, the better — it can have a greater uptake.

Carbon captured

By running thousands of simulations, AzariJafari could predict how uncertainties would likely play out over his study’s 30-year analysis period. He then used these predictions to calculate the potential carbon uptake in each state based on the road conditions, maintenance actions, budgets, and road lengths from his model.

“We found that after this 30-year analysis period, we expect to have similar uptake from the use and end-of-life phases,” says AzariJafari. “In total, we found that 5.8 MT [million tons] CO₂ could be sequestered, with 2.8 MT CO₂ coming from the use phase and 3 MT CO₂ coming from end-of-life.”

He found that states with large networks with many concrete pavements, such as Texas and California, saw a greater uptake during the use phase, while states that paved with composite designs (an asphalt overlay over a concrete layer) saw greater carbon uptake during end-of-life.

Since these composite designs require more maintenance actions, they could generate more concrete waste which, in turn, led to significant end-of-life carbon uptake. In fact, Massachusetts, which relies heavily on composite designs, could see more end-of-life uptake than California.

It’s important to note that end-of-life uptake also saw greater variation due to uncertainty in landfill practices, such as the geometry of the waste piles.

“It should also be considered that some countries, like the Netherlands or Singapore, may not have enough space to spread out all these demolished materials at all,” notes AzariJafari. These countries could, however, recycle that waste for use in future concrete production, even if that precludes the potential for carbon uptake.

Though uncertainties inherent to end-of-life landfilling remain, AzariJafari has found that landfilling is a more cost-effective form of carbon uptake than artificial carbon capture and sequestration — at least until carbon-capture technologies become more robust.

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Department of Biology receives funds to support summer students

Last month, the Department of Biology received a generous gift from Michael Gould and Sara Moss to support students participating in MIT’s Summer Research Program in Biology (MSRP-Bio). Gould is a philanthropist and the retired chair and CEO of Bloomingdales, and Moss is the vice chair of Estée Lauder Companies. Their gift will supplement the existing Bernard S. and Sophie G. Gould Fund, which the couple initiated in 2015 to honor Gould’s parents. Together, these donations will enable many undergraduate students from outside MIT who are interested in a career in life science to participate in MSRP-Bio each summer. To honor the Gould family’s generosity, MSRP-Bio will be renamed the Bernard S. and Sophie G. Gould MIT Summer Research Program in Biology, or BSG-MSRP-Bio.

“We are deeply grateful to Mike and Sara for their commitment to and support for our community,” says department head and Praecis Professor Alan Grossman. “Their willingness to enable opportunities for students will allow many talented individuals to benefit from research experiences here at MIT, and foster the next generation of scientists.”

“Mike Gould and Sara Moss are amazing people,” says Mandana Sassanfar, the Department of Biology’s director of outreach. “They’ve made a generous gift that has enabled MRSP-Bio to give many deserving undergraduates a life-changing summer research experience.”

MSRP-Bio is a 10-week summer program offered to non-MIT undergraduates, which provides access to cutting-edge facilities and supervised research in a fast-paced environment. The program encourages students from groups that are historically underrepresented in science, first-generation college students, students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, and students with disabilities to attend graduate school and pursue careers in basic research.

Every year, roughly 20 participants are placed in laboratories affiliated with the Department of Biology. In total, nearly 400 students have participated in MSRP-Bio since its establishment in 2003. Nearly 300 have already gone to PhD or MD/PhD programs, and of these, 63 have enrolled at MIT for graduate school and 45 have joined the Department of Biology specifically.

Gould and Moss were inspired to create a fund supporting MSRP-Bio because both of Gould’s parents were MIT alumni devoted to mentorship. Bernard “Bernie” Gould ’32 was a beloved biochemistry professor in the Department of Biology and counseled many biology and pre-med students for 50 years. His wife, Sophia Gould CMP ’48, earned a master’s degree in public health at a time when there were few female graduate students at the Institute, and shared this passion for training students.

“I’ve been inspired by my father, who was a first-generation American, cared enormously about his students, and nurtured their intellectual curiosity and drive,” Michael Gould says. “MSRP-Bio does the same by giving each student the opportunity of a lifetime. My dream is for every department at MIT to create a similar program. It would enrich the Institute immeasurably.”

“This gift will have a tremendous impact on the MSRP-Bio program in the biology department, and comes at a crucial time as issues surrounding diversity, equity, and inclusion remain key priorities for the School of Science and Institute,” says Nergis Mavalvala, dean of MIT’s School of Science.

Since its inauguration in 2015, the Bernard S. and Sophie G. Gould Fund has offered scholarships to 30 MSRP-Bio students — six each year. Every summer, Gould and Moss travel to campus to get to know the current Gould fellows. The duo has been continually impressed by the caliber of students, and decided to provide more support to fund additional fellows and ensure the program’s longevity.

“Mike and Sara have a sustained interest in the well-being and success of the Gould fellows, and take pride in these students’ accomplishments,” Sassanfar says. “The Gould Fellowship stands out because of the open relationship between the Mike and Sara and the fellows, which forges meaningful connections that will last for many years.”

Participating in MSRP-Bio was a “life-changing” experience, says former Gould Fellow Meucci Ilunga. “I genuinely mean that — I can only imagine how different my life would be if I had not had that opportunity.”

Former Gould Fellow Asmita Panthi adds that MSRP-Bio showed her what she was capable of accomplishing, and gave her the confidence to apply to graduate school. “I’m so thankful for this impactful fellowship, which gives students like me — who come from small undergraduate institutions or humble backgrounds — the chance to participate in a rigorous research program.”

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Oxford Instruments Asylum Research joins MIT.nano Consortium

MIT.nano has announced that Oxford Instruments Asylum Research, a company that manufactures and supplies atomic force microscopy (AFM) instruments for academic research and industrial R&D, has joined the MIT.nano Consortium.

Asylum Research, one of seven businesses comprising the Oxford Instruments Group, designs tools for characterizing samples from both materials and bioscience research. In addition to imaging, their equipment has quantitative measurement capabilities for nanoelectrical, nanomechanical, and electromechanical characterization.

“We are excited to welcome Oxford Instruments Asylum Research to the MIT.nano Consortium,” says Vladimir Bulović, the founding faculty director of MIT.nano and the Fariborz Maseeh (1990) Professor of Emerging Technology. “Their technical expertise and cutting-edge atomic force microscopy instruments will propel the impact of MIT’s discoveries and open the door to new nanoscale horizons in our future research.”

Two Asylum Research AFM microscopes — the Cypher VRS video-rate AFM and the Jupiter XR large-sample AFM — have been added to the tool set in MIT.nano’s characterization facility. The Cypher VRS, offering high-resolution video-rate imaging up to 625 lines per second, will allow researchers to measure nanoscale dynamic processes at video frame rates. The Jupiter XR, a large-sample AFM provided to MIT as part of the membership agreement, will provide both high-speed imaging and extended range in a single scanner. An Asylum Research visiting scientist embedded at MIT.nano will support research activities, including use of these microscopes, as well as collaborate with MIT researchers.

“Asylum Research is thrilled to provide support to the important scientific mission of MIT.nano and affiliated researchers,” says Terry Hannon, president of Oxford Instruments Asylum Research. “From next-generation energy materials to better-understanding diseases and their treatment to new materials for microelectronic devices, MIT researchers are at the forefront of many of the world’s most urgent challenges. Our atomic force microscopes will enable them to extend this research to even smaller dimensions and provide deeper insights.”

In MIT.nano’s quarterly industry consortium meetings, Asylum Research will provide advice alongside 12 other consortium companies to help guide and advance nanoscale innovations at MIT:

• Analog Devices
• Dow
• Draper
• DSM
• Edwards
• Fujikura
• IBM
• Lam Research
• NCSOFT
• NEC
• Raith
• Waters Corporation

MIT.nano continues to welcome new companies as sustaining members. For more details, visit the MIT.nano Consortium page.

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Design progresses for MIT Schwarzman College of Computing building on Vassar Street

Last fall, the MIT Stephen A. Schwarzman College of Computing embarked on a project to design and construct a new building on Vassar Street in Cambridge, at the former site of Building 44. Working with Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), the design for the new building is taking shape, with plans for the exterior façade now complete.

The proposed project will establish a home for the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing, providing state-of-the-art space for computing research and education. The building’s central location in the Vassar Street block between Main Street and Massachusetts Avenue will help form a new cluster of connectivity, and will enable the space to have a multifaceted role. The project has been reviewed extensively with city planning staff and will be presented to the Cambridge Planning Board for review and approval.

“The new building will serve as a hub for both disciplinary and interdisciplinary work in computing and collaboration at MIT. It will also contain inviting, community-oriented spaces where we can bring a mix of people together,” says Daniel Huttenlocher, dean of the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing. “The middle floors of the building are designed for research groups and other parts of the college, while the lower floors and an event space on the top floor are oriented towards the MIT community and others more broadly.”

As seen in architectural renderings, the building’s transparent and outward-looking design will give passersby a direct view into the first two floors. These floors will offer multiple convening areas for the campus community and the public to come in and engage with the college, including a 250-seat lecture hall, a suite of student spaces for project-based work and tutoring, a café, and a variety of seating options for studying and social interactions.

The exterior’s shingled-glass façade creates a visual cue that differentiates the lower floors from the upper section. Research space will be concentrated on four floors, to house 50 new and existing faculty members working in computing and their research groups, including faculty from schools across MIT. Collaborative research spaces will be spread throughout those floors, including gathering areas that facilitate spontaneous interactions.

The building will also support other college activities such as the MIT Quest for Intelligence, and will include space for visitors and visiting scholars, as well as administrative areas. In addition, spaces in the building will accommodate cross-cutting areas of the college, currently the Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing and the Common Ground for Computing Education.

An event space and an outdoor terrace are planned for the top floor of the building, which will offer views of the entire MIT campus, into Boston’s Back Bay, and portions of the Boston skyline.

Throughout the design process, the project team has made access and sustainability priorities and is aiming for a minimum of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification for building and construction. Toward that goal, the south-facing side of the building will feature a double-skin façade constructed from state-of-the-art interlocking glass units that create a deep sealed cavity — a design solution that will reduce energy consumption by about 27 percent.

“It is part of a holistic vision for sustainability,” says Colin Koop, SOM design partner. “We will monitor the entire process of creating this building with embodied carbon tracking, and when the building is complete, it will include on-site stormwater management, resiliency against flooding, a large green roof, efficient heating and cooling, and more.” Other features and goals will include elevators placed by the main entrance to increase visibility and accessibility to patrons entering the building and fixtures that will reduce indoor potable water usage by 36.7 percent from the Environmental Protection Agency baseline.

The overall design process is slated to wrap up this coming fall. To prepare for the start of full construction, which is anticipated to begin this summer, several research and education teams occupying Building 44 were relocated within existing campus buildings last year and have been operating successfully from those locations since. In addition, enabling work on the site was initiated last spring. The project now is in the final stages of preparation, with the removal of Building 44 having taken place last September and relocation of utilities almost done. The building is planned for completion by summer 2023.

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Scene at MIT: Mystery MIT

Like many annual activities, this year’s MIT Mystery Hunt was completely virtual for the first time. Participating hunters needed to retrieve items sent into a parallel universe and bring them home. To do this, players wandered around in a massively multiplayer online (MMO) game in which MIT was rendered into a fantasy world that the organizing team just happened to be developing last spring.

Says longtime participant Stephanie Howell, “It was amazing luck that Galactic Trendsetters were already working on an MMO of the campus before we realized how long social distancing was going to need to remain a policy. I’m honestly not sure if a hunt could have happened if the creating team had to change gears in June to something completely online. It certainly wouldn’t have been this well put together.”

Have a creative photo of campus life you'd like to share? Submit it to Scene at MIT.

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To combat false news, correct after reading

The battle to stop false news and online misinformation is not going to end any time soon, but a new finding from MIT scholars may help ease the problem.

In an experiment, the researchers discovered that fact-checking labels, when attached to online news headlines, actually work better after people read false headlines, compared to when they precede the headline or accompany it.

“We found that whether a false claim was corrected before people read it, while they read it, or after they read it influenced the effectiveness of the correction,” says David Rand, an MIT professor and co-author of a new paper detailing the study’s results.

Specifically, the researchers found, when “true” and “false” labels were shown immediately after participants in the experiment read headlines, it reduced people’s misclassification of those headlines by 25.3 percent. By contrast, there was an 8.6 percent reduction when labels appeared along with the headlines, and a 5.7 percent decrease in misclassification when the correct label appeared beforehand.

“Timing does matter when delivering fact-checks,” says Nadia M. Brashier, a cognitive neuroscientist and postdoc at Harvard University, and lead author of the paper.

The paper, “Timing Matters When Correcting Fake News,” appears this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The authors are Brashier; Rand; Gordon Pennycook, an assistant professor of behavioral science at University of Regina’s Hill/Levene Schools of Business; and Adam Berinsky, the Mitsui Professor of Political Science at MIT and the director of the MIT Political Experiments Research Lab.

To conduct the study, the scholars ran experiments with a total of 2,683 people, who looked at 18 true news headlines from major media sources and 18 false headlines that have been debunked by the fact-checking website snopes.com. Treatment groups of participants saw “true” and “false” tags before, during, or after reading the 36 headlines; a control group did not. All participants rated the headlines for accuracy. One week later, everyone looked at the same headlines, without any fact-check information at all, and again rated the headlines for accuracy.

The findings confounded the researchers’ expectations.

“Going into the project, I had anticipated it would work best to give the correction beforehand, so that people already knew to disbelieve the false claim when they came into contact with it,” Rand says. “To my surprise, we actually found the opposite. Debunking the claim after they were exposed to it was the most effective."

But why might his approach — “debunking” rather than “prebunking,” as the researchers call it — get the best results?

The scholars write that the results are consistent with a “concurrent storage hypothesis” of cognition, which proposes that people can retain both false information and corrections in their minds at the same time. It may not be possible to get people to ignore false headlines, but people are willing to update their beliefs about them.

“Allowing people to form their own impressions of news headlines, then providing ‘true’ or ‘false’ tags afterward, might act as feedback,” Brashier says. “And other research shows that feedback makes correct information ‘stick.’” Importantly, this suggests that the results might be different if participants did not explicitly rate the accuracy of the headlines when being exposed to them — for example, if they were just scrolling through their news feeds.

Overall, Berinsky suggests, the research helps inform tools that social media platforms and other content providers could use, as they look for better methods to label and limit the flow of misinformation online.

“There is no single magic bullet that can cure the problem of misinformation,” says Berinsky, who has long studied political rumors and misinformation. “Studying basic questions in a systematic way is a critical step toward a portfolio of effective solutions. Like David, I was somewhat surprised by our findings, but this finding is an important step forward in helping us combat misinformation.”

The study was made possible through support to the researchers provided by the National Science Foundation, the Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Initiative of the Miami Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Reset Project of Luminate, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and Google.

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